Forensic Science Research - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1722 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/07/02 Category Science Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Forensic Science Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Forensic science is a complex and critical part of solving todays legal affairs, from serious matters like manslaughter to the evaluation of parentage of a child, it has a place almost anywhere. Forensic science is important because it provides concrete, undeniable evidence. I will cover the history of forensic science and compare past techniques with modern techniques. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Forensic Science Research" essay for you Create order Then I will outline the activity of forensic science throughout the government and how forensic data is analyzed in a lab. After that I will further explain the many subdivisions of forensic science and their specific roles. The History of forensic science Forensic has come very far over the past two hundred years. It has advanced from basic eyewitness account to the analysis of DNA. Two hundred years ago, criminal investigation was very primitive. If a crime was committed, detective would have to rely on confessions, eye witness accounts and the most obvious of clues. When investigating a crime scene two hundred years ago the evidence would have been contaminated and any obvious evidence may have been stolen or lost. Although todays methods are very advanced, forensic science has been around for thousands of years, fingerprinting being the earliest known form that was developed and used the the ancient chinese. Many years later in 1892, Sir Francis Galton established a system for identifying fingerprints. Soon after, others began to develop other methods of identification for fingerprints. In 1896, Sir Edward Henry developed a new way to analyze fingerprints by examining certain characteristic such as pattern, direction and flow. Careful examination and identification of bullets are first recorded in 1835 by Henry Goddard. Goddard used physical analysis to connect a bullet back to a murder weapon. A more exact method was used in the 1920s by Calvin Goddard who created a comparison microscope so match bullets to their shell casings. Gunshot residue detection was later developed in the 1970s with the help of electron microscopes. In the development of forensic chemistry, chemist James Marsh created a way to test for arsenic which was later used in a 1836 murder trial. A century later Karl Lan classified human blood groups and later earned a nobel prize for his work. The advancements that we made in a small amount of time is truly remarkable. From confessions to analyzing blood types, there seems to be an endless amount of knowledge to come. Criminal Investigation Crime scene investigators purpose is to collect and examine any evidence left at a crime scene. They look for things like body fluids, fingerprints, hairs and fibers, and other trace evidence. When collecting these, several different methods and materials are used to do so. Trace evidence includes things such as paint and gunshot residue, drugs, glass, and chemicals. Clothing is collected from the victim and anyone else who was present at or near the crime scene and the clothing is to be sealed in a paper bag and taken to a lab to be tested. If the crime was gun related then the clothing will be tested for gunshot residue. If any drugs or unknown powdered substances are found at the scene then it will be collected with a knife or blade, sealed in separate, sterile evidence containers or bags and sent to the lab for identification. Any hair found is sent to DNA testing lab and unknown substances and drugs go to a chemistry lab. In some cases body fluids are found at the crime scene. Bodily fluids can be saliva, semen, blood or vomit. If blood is found on the body of the victim or any cloth then that will be collected and sent into a lab for possible DNA analysis. There are many tools and materials involved in collecting body fluids from a crime scene. Some of them include scissors, tweezers, a scalpel, luminol, smear slides, UV lights, and sterile cloth. If any hairs or fibers are found at a crime scene then they will be collected using tweezers, combs or vacuums and sent into a lab for analysis. In the event of a rape case, if the victim is still alive then they will be taken to a hospital and examined for any fibers and hairs that could be evidence. Any fibers or hair found at the scene would be compared to fibers or hair of a suspect. DNA analysis can be used to eliminate suspects and to identify if the hair is from a human or an animal. Through DNA analysis a persons race can be identified from a single human hair. Fingerprints are also a large clue in a crime scene. A fingerprint can be left behind due to visible fluids like blood or ink, imprinted in something soft and malleable like a clay or wax, or can be from the natural oils that naturally accumulate on everyones fingers. Investigators might use brushes, chemicals, tape, a magnifying tool, or other materials to collect these prints for evidence. Prints can be left on paper, wood, plastic, cardboard, metal and other surfaces, both porous and nonporous. When a fingerprint is found on a nonporous surface a powder, often a black or a silver powder, is gently brushed over the print until it is visible, then lifted with tape and transferred to a fingerprint card and submitted to evidence. When a fingerprint is found on a porous surface, chemicals like silver nitrate or iodine are sprayed onto the print until visible. Footprints may be found at or around a crime scene. If a footprint or an impression from a shoe is found an investigator will make a casting material and make a cast from the print. Any dirt left on the cast when it is removed is not brushed off but rather sent into a lab for analysis. Tool marks from tools used at a crime scene may also be found. It may be an impression- a tool mark that is created without any back-and-forth movement- or it may be a striation- a tool mark with a series of parallel lines cause by a ba ck-and-forth movement. Attempting to match a tool to an impression is rather unreliable and it is more reliable to make a definite match with a striated mark. When an investigator finds any firearms at a crime scene, they need to follow a specific routine to preserve the evidence. Gloves are worn and the firearm is pick up by the barrel and placed into an evidence bag to be sent to a lab for testing. Forensic scientists can then examine any casings found and match them to a weapon or they can examine serial numbers found on the firearm. By using a laser trajectory kit, investigators can use any bullet holes in a victim or surface to determine the location and height that the bullet was fired from. If the bullet or casing is stuck in a wall or other material then a section of it will be removed instead of attempting to dig it out, which ruins the evidence. When documents are found such as letters, planners, calendars, books, journals, suicide notes, etc. they are collected and preserved. A lab may be required to reconstruct demolished evidence that may have been burned or torn apart. These documents are recorded and analyzed for handwriting samples, forgery, and what was used to print or write the document. Whenever any type of evidence is found at a crime scene, and investigator must photograph it, log it, recover and then tag the evidence. But how is all of this evidence discovered? When examining a body or corpse, investigators look for many things such as stains, wrinkling or bunching of clothing that could indicate dragging, defense wounds, bruises, cuts, any obvious missing items, direction of the flow of blood, insects, etc.. After moving the body, the other side of the corpse is examines in the same manner and then the bod temperature and the room temperature are taken to estimate the time of death. Fingerprints of the body will be taken and placed into evidence. Once the conditions of the body are documented, then the body is covered in a white cloth and transported to a morgue for an autopsy. To efficiently and carefully find and collect evidence, investigators use several different methods of examination of a crime scene. Investigators may use the inward spiral search method where they start from the perimeter of the crime scene and slowly work their way towards the center of the scene in a spiral pattern. Another method is the outward spiral where investigators might start from the center of a crime scene or from the location of a body and slowly and meticulously work their way to the edges of the crime scene in a spiral pattern. If there is a team of investigators, they may use the parallel, grid, or zone search methods. The parallel search method requires the team of criminal investigators to line up and walk in a straight line from one side of the crime scene to the other. The grid search is similar but requires the team to repeat the method from an adjacent side. In a zone search, investigators divide the room into different sections, then search each section thoroughly and then move onto the next section. References: Arenas, M., Pereira, F., Oliveria, M., Pinto, N., Lopez, A.M., Gomes, V., Carracedo, A. A. (2017) Forensic genetics and genomics: Much more than just a human affair. PLOS. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006960 Butler, J. M. (2015) The Future of Forensic DNA Analysis. The Royal Society. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0252 Marinetti, L. J., Ehlers, B. J. (2014) A Series of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Seizure Cases Involving Illicit Fentanyl Alone and in Combination with Heroin, Cocaine or Heroin and Cocaine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 38(8). doi.org/10.1093/jat/bku086 OBrian, E., Daeid, N. N., Black, S. (2015) Science in the court: pitfalls, challenges and solutions. The Royal Society. 10.1098/rstb.2015.0062 Pedersen, P. D. (2013) Forensic Medicineseen through the eyes of a social anthropologist. Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science. doi.org/10.2478/sjfs-2013-0004 Phillips, M. L. (2008) Crime Scene Genetics: Transforming Forensic Science Through Molecular Technologies. BioScience 58(6). doi.org/10.1641/B580604 Roewer, L. (2013) DNA Fingerprinting in Forensics: Past, Present, Future. Investigative Genetics. BMC. doi.org/10.1186/2041-2223-4-22 Sobrino, J. M. (2002) Identification of a criminal by DNA typing in a rape case in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sao Paulo Medical Journal. dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-31802002000300004

How To Memorize Chemistry

When you learn chemistry, its much more important to understand the concepts than to memorize structures, elements, and formulas. However, rote memorization has its place, particularly when you are  learning functional groups  (or other organic chemistry molecules) and when youre trying to keep names of reactions and structures straight in your head. Memorizing wont guarantee you a great grade on a test, but its an important tool to use. Theres more than one way to do it. Here are some of the best (and worst) ways to memorize chemistry. Memorizing Chemistry Using Repetition As you become more familiar with a word/structure/sequence, it will become easier to remember it. This is the memorization method most of us use. We copy notes, use flashcard to recall information in a new order, and draw out structures over and over again from memory. Does it work? Absolutely, but its a time-consuming process. Also, its not a practice most people enjoy. Since attitude affects memorization, the old tried-and-true method may not be your best bet. So, the key to effective memorization—whether its for chemistry or any other subject—is to not-hate the process and to make the memory mean something. The more personal the memory is to you, the more likely you are to remember it for a test and still recall it years down the road. This is where two more effective memorization methods come into play. Memorizing Chemistry Using Mnemonic Devices A  mnemonic device  is just a fancy phrase meaning memory device. The word comes from the ancient Greek work  mnemonikos  (meaning memory), which in turn comes from the name Mnemosyne, the Green goddess of memory. No, a mnemonic device not an appliance you tape to your forehead that transfers information into your brain. Its a strategy or method of remembering information that ties information to something meaningful. An example of a non-chemistry mnemonic you may know is using the knuckles of your hand to remember how many days there are in each calendar month. Another one is saying Roy G Biv to remember the sequence of  colors in the visible spectrum, where the first letter of each word is the first letter of a color (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). Mnenomics are especially useful for memorizing lists. An easy method is to make a sentence or a song by taking the first letter of a word in a list to make a new work. For example, a mnemonic to memorize the first elements of the periodic table is Hi, he lies because boys can not operate fireplaces. This translates into hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine. You could choose other words to stand for the letters. Another periodic table example  is The Elements Song. Here, the words actually are the elements, but learning them to the tune helps make the process easier. Using Memory Palaces To Memorize Chemistry Memory palaces (also known as methods of loci) may be the best way to remember chemistry (or anything else). To use this method, you place unfamiliar concepts or objects into a familiar setting. In order to start building your chemistry memory palace, start by associating items you know youll use over and over with a meaningful object. Which object you choose is up to you. What helps me remember might be completely different from what you might use. What should you remember? Elements, numbers, concepts for types of chemical bonds, states of matter... it is completely your choice. So, lets say you want to remember the formula for water, H2O. Start by giving meaning to the atoms, hydrogen and oxygen. You  might think of hydrogen as a blimp (used to be filled with hydrogen) and oxygen a young child holding his breath (thus depriving himself of oxygen). So, remembering water to me might be a mental image of a boy holding his breath while watching two dirigibles in the sky overhead. In my mind, there would be a blimp to either side of the boy (because the water molecule  is bent). If you wanted to add more details about water, I could put a blue ball cap on the boys head (water in large volumes is blue). New facts and details can be added as wish to learn them, so a single memory might hold a wealth of information. Using a Memory Palace To Memorize Numbers Memory palaces are incredibly useful for memorizing numbers. While there are several methods of establishing the palace, one of the best is to associate numbers with phonetic sounds and then make words out of a sequence of numbers. This is an easy way to remember long strings of number, not just simple ones. Here is a simple phonetic association, using consonants: Number Sound Memory Tip 0 s, z, or soft c zero starts with z; your tongue is in the same position to say the letters 1 d,t, th one downstroke is made to form the letters; your tongue is in the same position to say the letters 2 n n has two downstrokes 3 m m has three downstrokes 4 r 4 and R are near mirror images; r is the last letter in the word 4 5 l L is the Roman number 50 6 j, sh, soft ch, dg, zh, soft g j has a shape similar to the curve of a 6 7 k, hard c, hard g, q, qu Capital K is made of two 7s back to back, on their sides 8 v, f I think of a V8 engine or the drink V-8. 9 b, p b looks like a rotated 9, p is a mirror of 9 :The vowels and the other consonants are free, so you can form words that make sense to you. While the table might seem daunting at first, once you try a few numbers, it begins to make sense. After you learn the sounds, youll be able to remember numbers so well it will seem  like a magic trick! Lets try it with a chemistry number you should already know. If not, now is the perfect time to learn it.  Avogadros number is  the number of particles  in a mole of anything. It is 6.022 x 1023. Choose show sand tsunami. sh o w s a n d t s u n a m i 6 0 2 1 1 0 2 3 You might make an entirely different word using the letters. Lets practice in the reverse. If I give you the word mother,  what is the number? M is 3, o doesnt count, th  is 1, e doesnt count, and r is 4. The number is  314, which is how we would remember the digits of pi (3.14, if we didnt know it). You can combine images and words to remember  pH values, constants, and equations. The act of making an association between the fact you are remembering and the memory helps to make it stick.The memories will stay with you, so using this method is better than copying notes over and over and over. Repetition does work for short-term cramming, but for lasting results make your memorization mean something to you.

Essay on Theme of Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice...

The Theme of Loneliness in Of Mice and Men In the novel, Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck used George and Lennies relationship and the theme of hope to point out the loneliness in the novel. The novel starts off and is set in Soledad which means lonely. At the beginning they get a job working on a farm together. Lennie is a little retarded and has great physical strength that isnt too controllable. As they work from ranch to ranch, Lennie relies on George for guidance and help. Rather than wasting their earnings, they try to save it in the hope of buying a place of their own. While working at one ranch they meet a worker named Candy who tries to help them financially. Before their dream can be fulfilled, Lennie kills the wife†¦show more content†¦They didnt have any family members around to give them support. As farmers that gave them the chance to make a friendship: Guys Like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world, they got no family (Steinbeck 15). After they start talking then its clear that t hey both dont want to be alone their whole life. Steinbeck points out that most of the people that work on the ranch dont have anything to look ahead to. George and Lennie want to have something to look forward to and that is why they hope that it wont happen to them: With us it aint like that, We got a future (Steinbeck 15). This is where the hope of them accomplishing their dreams comes into play. Later Lennie goes on to tell that it wont happen to them because they have each other to look over each other. That is where it is showing their friendship covering up the true loneliness of the characters. The novel suggests doubts of someone getting their dream many times. This is where the character Crooks joins in. He states that he has seen a hundred of men in his time and that everyone has a hunger of a piece of land in their head and none of them ever get it. He uses the metaphor to going to heaven that not everyone gets to go and that not everyone gets some land: I seen guys nearly crazy with loneliness for land (Steinbeck 89). Here it suggest that George and Lennie might not get a place, but they refuse to believe it. The last thing that they want is to beShow MoreRelatedThe Theme of Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Theme of Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, is set in the farmlands of Salinas Valley in California during the 1930’s. At this time there was a world wide depression caused by the Wall Street crash in America. John Steinbeck was born and brought up in Salinas California, he had lived and experienced a life of a migrant worker and that is what inspired him to write this novel (novella?). This meant he could paint a lot Read MoreOf Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck842 Words   |  4 Pagesworking. Men would go far away from their families in search of any jobs they could get, with only themselves to confide in; colleagues only filling in the void of friends and family partially. Naturally, John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men, written during this period, would reflect this fact as a major aspect of the story. Loneliness would become the sinew of Of Mice and Men, manifested in some of the story’s main characters: Candy, Crooks, and Curley’s wife. These allusions to loneliness are foundRead MoreMice of Men Dreams of Commitment2273 Words   |  10 PagesOf Mice and Mein The Dream of Commitment. Louis Owens The Eden myth looms large in Of Mice and Men (1937), the playnovella set along the Salinas River a few miles south of Soledad (Of Mice and Men, p. 1). And, as in all of Steinbecks Califomia fiction, setting plays a central role in determining the major themes of this work. The fact that the setting for OfMice and Men is a Califomia valley dictates, according to the symbolism of Steinbecks landscapes, that this story will take place in a fallenRead MoreJohn Steinbeck: An American Writer During the Great Depression1315 Words   |  6 Pagescommon people, especially those at the very bottom of the society. (Wang, 2012) John Steinbeck (1902-1968), born in Salinas, California, is one of the most significant and representative American writers in that era. He is the winner of the Noble Prize for Literature in 1962. John Steinbeck’s living experience in California had a great influence on his writing. He grew up in one of the richest agricultural place. Steinbeck’s lifelong interest in the beauty of nature started with his childhood experienceRead MoreOf Mice And Men Isolation1219 Words   |  5 Pages Isolation, or loneliness, is a prevalent feeling shared by many individuals in societies of older generations and future generations. It is commonly misunderstood that every individual has someone to talk to, someone to express themselves to, however, that is a misconception. There are many who suffer from the pain that isolation brings forth. In addition, there are several divisions in society that cause an emptiness in certain individuals. In society, categories such as race, gender, age, andRead MoreMice and Men822 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Of Mice and Men† The Great Depression took place in the United States in the 1930s. Northern California, Salinas Valley was affected by the Great Depression. Many farmers lost their properties and were forced to find other work. Banks were forced to foreclose on mortgages’ and had to collect debts. Hundreds of thousands of farmers packed up their families and few belongings, and headed for California. The Great Depression left many people in poverty and caused them to face unpleasant eventsRead MoreOf Mice And Men : Friendship And Loneliness1274 Words   |  6 Pages Of Mice and Men: Friendship and Loneliness Peyton Willett Period 1 In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men a man and his mentally slow best friend embark on the journey of life together. Their friendship is very strong and this is unusual due to the other characters in the book being very lonely. Every time the two men get a job Lennie makes a mistake and they are forced to leave. After all of their intense work they hope they can finally have their dream and get a place theyRead MoreThe American Dream1179 Words   |  5 PagesSet during the gruelling Great Depression of the 1930’s, John Steinbeck’s touching novella Of Mice and Men focuses on the working class of America and two men, George Milton and Lennie Small, as they work on a ranch in hopes of owning their own land. Set in the dusty town of Soledad, California, Steinbeck’s classic characters offer a parable about what it means to be human. George and Lennies ambition of owning their own ranch, and the obstacles that stand in the way of that ambition, reveal theR ead More Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay2202 Words   |  9 PagesLoneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men       Mother Theresa once said, Loneliness is a mans worst poverty. Without friends and companions, people begin to suffer from loneliness and solitude (Dusenbury 38). Loneliness is an inevitable fact of life and cannot be avoided, as shown prevalent through each of the characters in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men. Each and every character in this novel exhibits loneliness. Lennie was isolated for being mentally handicapped, Candy was isolatedRead MoreOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck973 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: I. Background A. John Steinbeck was born on February 27th, 1902 in Salinas, California. 1. Salinas River was one of the few centers for shipping, farming, and agriculture a. John Steinbeck worked as an employed laborer, digging canals and working beside men similar to characters in his novels. 2. In a discussion John Steinbeck said, I worked in the same country that the story is laid in. The characters are composites to a certain extent. Lennie was a real person. Hes in an insane

Rita Has A Rough Childhood Growing Up Essay - 1342 Words

Relevant History and Demographics: Rita had a rough childhood growing up because her parents divorced when she was five years old and her mother had to raise Rita and her three older brothers alone. Rita’s mother was overwhelmed with the situation and being unable to run the household effectively. After her brothers left the household, Rita and her mother grew closer in a manageable home. The relationship she had with her mother prevented her from forming new serious friendships. After high school, Rita continued her education by attending a local community college to major in business. During her sophomore year Rita worked part time in a department store and one year later was offered a management position in the store. She figured it made sense to drop out of college and be a manager because business was her career choice. Rita was in a serious relationship with a man she had met in college and eventually got engaged. However they never married because her fiance manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. His impairment lasted for over a year, which forced Rita to end the engagement and move on without him, as if he had died. Relevant Symptoms: Rita has always been concerned about her weight and the opinions of other women. She would manage to keep her weight between one hundred and fourteen to one hundred and sixteen pounds. She followed a strict diet, but sometime ate sweets. Whenever she ate any sweets she would exercise twice as hard to burnShow MoreRelatedCharacters Transition into an Adult1254 Words   |  5 PagesAs people will say growing up sucks, you finally realize you aren’t a kid anymore. In the coming of age film, you see the main character emotionally transition into a adult. What makes the coming of age film special is the relationship the protagonist has with his or her group of friends. The coming of age film differs in friendships, depending on the gender of the main character. The friendships help shape how the protagonist is going to be by the end of the film, usually in a positive light. Read MoreBob Marley’s Spiritual Rhetoric, the Spread of Jamaican Culture and Rast afarianism6348 Words   |  26 Pagesculture and Rastafarianism can be accredited to many events and technical advances in communication. Bob Marley is one of the main influences the spread of Jamaican culture and Rastafarianism due to the lyrical rhetoric used in his popular music. Growing up as an impoverished youth, Marley struggled to create a music career where his voice as well as others could be heard globally. Bob Marley’s lyrics contributed to the spread of Jamaican culture and Rastafarianism because the messages in theseRead MoreAn Autobiography as Defined On TwoMajor Theories of Development4504 Words   |  19 PagesQuestion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦22 Appendix Family tree†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.23 Pictures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Writing this autobiography has been a very difficult, challenging and learning experience for me. In the helping of this autobiography I must first give thank to the almighty god who gave me the energy and strength, to my mother, father and friends for their assistance, guardanceRead More The Woman Who Fathered Me: A Caribbean Womans Role in the Family4380 Words   |  18 PagesWomans Role in the Family Female children born into low income families in Jamaica and other islands of the Caribbean are burdened with a stereotype that their male counterparts will never know. When faced with the gender oppression their society has constantly been feeding, and the fact that so many women must act as the single financial heads of their families, many women of the Caribbean must settle for low paying occupations associated with female or domestic labor. For women born into familiesRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesundertaken, using the case material. 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The fact that the most recent phase of the human experience is usually covered only at the end of a multiterm sequence of world history units has meant that it often ends up becoming a rushed add-on of rather random, abbreviated capsule summaries and general overviews. In view of the fact that no phase of history can begin to match the twentieth century in terms of the extent to which it has shaped the contemporary world, thisRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesI-7 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (B): Cleaning Up an Information Systems Debacle CASE STUDY II-1 Vendor-Managed Inventory at NIBCO CASE STUDY II-2 Real-Time Business Intelligence at Continental Airlines CASE STUDY II-3 Norfolk Southern Railway: The Business Intelligence Journey CASE STUDY II-4 Mining Data to Increase State Tax Revenues in California CASE STUDY II-5 The Cliptomaniaâ„ ¢ Web Store: An E-Tailing Start-up Survival Story CASE STUDY II-6 Rock Island ChocolateRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages and Teri. J. D. ââ€"   About the Authors puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999. Chris is a frequent contributor to the AP Statistics Electronic Discussion Group and has reviewed materials for The Mathematics Teacher, the AP Central web site, The American Statistician, and the Journal of the American Statistical Association. He currently writes a column for Stats magazine. Chris graduated from Iowa State University

Early Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Questions: Describe the levels of organisation in the human body, naming the main body systems. Analyse the structure of an organ explaining how the different tissues contribute to effective function. Explain the role of the key components of a balanced diet. Evaluate the effects of three nutritional deficiencies on health. Describe how carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down physically and chemically. Analyse the problems associated with protein digestion and explain the importance of enzyme activation. Explain the mechanisms by which the liver and the kidney retain glucose but eliminate urea. With reference to the digestive system: (a)explain how reflexes contribute to the co-ordination of the system, (b) compare the role of the nervous system with that of hormones in the co-ordination of the system. Explain the regulation of blood glucose levels using negative feedback mechanisms. Answers: There are six levels of organization in the human body(Matusiak, 2013). These are: Chemical level the tiniest building blocks which make up a matter such as the atoms which form molecules by combining with each other. Cellular level the smallest unit of any living matter i.e. the cell makes up the cellular level. Tissue level similar cells which combine together and perform the same task consist of the tissue level. Organ level when two or more different types of tissue perform a particular function, those form an organ. Organ system level in this type of organizational leveltwo or more organs perform a similar task. Organismal level all the structural levels work together and form the organismal level. The figure shows the digestive system. The function of the digestive system is to obtain the energy and necessary nutrients and chemicals from the food we intake. The body system in the figure is skeletal system. The skeletal system, which consists of 206 bones (270 in newborns), and a network of tendons, ligaments and cartilages, which connects the bones(Haywood, 2009). The skeletal system can be divided into two parts, axial skeleton consisting of 80 bones which helps human maintain their upright posture and appendicular skeleton which has a total of 126 bones and protects the organs and helps with our movements. The body system in the figure is respiratory system which is serves the following function: Pulmonary ventilation i.e. inhalation and exhalation (AN, 2012). Exchanging gases between the bloodstream and the lungs. Exchanging of gases between the body tissues and the bloodstream through internal respiration. Creation of sound by vibrating the vocal cords. Areolar connective tissue this tissue consists of the blood capillaries which supply nutrients and oxygen to the tissues(Thibodeau, Patton Anthony, 2012). Cardiac muscle tissue the ventricles and atria are contracted by this tissue. Maintenance of posture. Joint stabilization. Generation of heat as a by-product of contraction. They connect or bind all types of tissues together and hence support the body. A mechanical framework is provided in the form of a skeleton thus, performing an important function of locomotion(Woodson, 2003). The intake of food which contains all the required nutrients in a correct proportion is known as a balanced diet (Veitch, 2012). Food examples What is a serve Daily servings Bread 2 slices 5 to 9 serves each day Rolls 1 roll Cereals 1 cup Wheat biscuit 1 Pasta 1 cup Rice 1 cup Cooked veggies cup 4 to 5 serves each day Medium potato cup Sliced carrot cup Broccoli cup Spinach cup Cauliflower cup Salad 1 cup 2 to 3 serves each day Any fruit 1 piece Fruit juice Small glass Raisins 1-2 tbsps Dried fruits 4 pieces Milk 250 ml 2 to 4 serves each day Yogurt 200 g Cheese 40 g Custard 250 ml Improves digestive health. Supports energy. Protects the heart. Appropriate levels of vitamin B12 help the bones to remain strong and healthy. Nerve damage is prevented. The outlook and mood of a person is also improved by it. Vitamin B12 supports the health of DNA and hence, helps in maintaining a fresh and young look. The figure shows a picture of a balanced diet. The purpose of it is to: Maintaining the health of heart. Management of weight. Maintenance of the immune system. Keeping the mental health intact. The nutritional deficiency is anemia. The effects are: Shortness of breath. Headache and dizziness. Coldness in the feet and hands. Pale skin. Chest pain. Peripheral neuropathy. The disease is rickets and is caused due to deficiency of vitamin D. the effects are: Fractures of bones. Permanent bone deformities. Low calcium levels in the blood hence, leading to seizures, breathing problem and cramps. Weakness of the heart muscle. The disease is scurvy caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. The effects are: Loss of appetite. Poor weight gain. Rapid breathing. The saliva in the mouth breaks down the polysaccharides which are present in the carbohydrates. The polysaccharidesare further broken down in to disaccharides in the stomach by the action of pancreatic amylase. The enzymes lactase, maltase and sucrose are released by the small intestine which breaks down the disaccharides into monosaccharide. The undigested carbohydrates reach the large intestine and are broken down into smaller parts by the intestinal bacteria. Fats are made up of lipid chains. The lingual lipase breaks down the short chain of lipids into diglycerides. The small intestine contains some fat which helps in the stimulation of the lipase release from the pancreas along with liver releasing bile. These two act on the diglycerides and dissolve them into fatty acids. Protein goes into the stomach and gets acted on by pepsin which breaks it down into smaller parts. It further moves into the duodenum where the enzymes chymotrypsin and trypsin are released from the pancreas and break the protein into further smaller parts. A substrate entering the active site of enzyme. B enzyme-substrate complex. C enzyme-products complex. D Products leaving active site. Hydrochloric acid. Pepsinogen can only unfold and cleave itself in the autocatalysis only in the presence of an acidic environment which is generated by hydrochloric acid and hence, generates pepsin which is the active form of the enzyme which helps to break down proteins. If hydrochloric acid is not generated the breakdown of protein will not occur. The condition of the stomach when it is unable to form hydrochloric acid is known as hypochlorhydria. The treatments are: Taking supplements for acid for a short period of time. Intake of ascorbic acid at high doses preferably during mealtime. Taking betaine hydrochloride with food. Bowmans capsule Glomerulus Proximal tubule Distal tubule Collecting duct Loop of Henle The active transport of glucose takes place during digestion. The carbohydrates are broken down first into sugars and then into glucose. Through active transport, the villi absorb the glucose and passes into the bloodstream to the body. The active transport of glucose takes place in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron. Filtration takes place in the glomerulus of the nephron. Long reflexes or feedforward reflexes to the digestive system send information to the brain through the sensory neuron. This reflex induces reactions to events which trigger danger or hunger in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal response can also be triggered due to emotional responses. The enteric system itself can act on the sensory information of the digestive system. The enterogastric reflex which is a short reflex gets stimulated by the acid which is released either by the stomach or the duodenum and hence, results in inhibiting the release of gastrin which suppresses the secretion of gastric acid along with the gastric motility (Tarkka, 2014). Peristalsis or the motility of the GI tract is increased by the gastrocolic reflex. Hence, the motility of the colon is raised due to the stretching of the stomach and the presence of the digestion byproducts in the small intestine. The endocrine system spreads the hormonal messages to the cells by secretion in to the extracellular fluids and blood. A receiver is required to get the message and is more or less similar to a radio broadcast. In order to response, the cells must possess a receptor for the hormone that is being broadcast. Signals are sent to the digestive system via pancreas to fix the time for commencing their functions. It also controls as well as stabilizes the mood, growth and development over a period of time (Rogers, 2012). The nervous system implies the absolute usage of nerve to nerve control while sending a message (Gray, 2004). The nature is electrical and hence, it is faster. The autonomic nervous system controls the digestive functions such as: The salivary glands which secrete saliva Gastrointestinal tract motility or peristalsis so that the food can move down easily Production of gastric acid in the stomach Opening and closing of sphincter The release of hormones from the glands in the system Storage of energy in the form of fat In order to survive a stable environment is required by cells. Homeostasis is the process through which living beings can maintain constant levels of pH, temperature, water balance and ions. Negative feedbacks control these mechanisms. This includes the system responding to the changes in the environment through the release of hormones so that a trend in the body, whether high or low, can be reversed and restored to the normal range (Wicker, 2002). The levels of glucose need to be maintained strictly since it is the source of energy for the cells. Excess of glucose is harmful for the cells whereas too less amount of it can lead to starvation. Homeostasis of glucose is dependent on types of cells, molecules and organs. Several reasons can lead to the fluctuation of the blood glucose levels: The meal is digested and the liver produces insulin. This leads to raised levels of blood glucose. Glucose levels get lowered when the sugar gets transported into the cells and gets lost from the body in the form of urine. Insulin and glucagon are the two pancreatic hormones, antagonistic in nature, which control the level of glucose in the blood. The alpha- and beta- cells of the pancreas contain the glucose transport receptors which detect the presence of glucose in the blood. Beta- cells secrete insulin and hence, respond to the increasing level of glucose in the blood. Insulin instigates the body tissues to take up glucose for energy or to convert into lipids and glycogen so that it can be used as future sources of energy and gets stored up in muscle, liver and fat cells. When the glucose levels are low, glucagon hormone is released by the alpha- cells of the pancreas which triggers the liver and skeletal muscles to produce glucose by breaking down glycogen (Alavez Lithgow, 2012). It also stimulates the adipose tissue into digesting the lipids into glycerol and fatty acids. It also triggers the liver to produce glucose from the glycerol which is present in blood. All these reactions help to make t he concentration of glucose in the bloodstream normal. Type 1 diabetes This is an auto-immune disease where there is a malfunction o the auto-immune system of the body and the beta- cells in the pancreas are damaged. Here, the levels of blood glucose remain high since, the production of insulin gets hampered and hence, to maintain homeostasis an external dosage of insulin is required. Type 2 diabetes This is the most common form of diabetes in which the body stops responding to insulin. For some time the body can cope up with this by increasing the production of insulin but after sometime the pancreas can no longer produce insulin. References AN, K. (2012).Modern Trends in Early Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.J PulmonarRespirat Med, 02(01). https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-105x.1000e104 Haywood, K. (2009). Skeletal system. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. Matusiak, D. (2013). Mosby's Anatomy Physiology Study and Review Cards. London: Elsevier Health Sciences. Thibodeau, G., Patton, K., Anthony, C. (2012).Structure function of the body. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Mosby. Veitch, C. (2012). A balanced diet. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library. Woodson, J. (2003). Locomotion. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. Alavez, S., Lithgow, G. (2012). Pharmacological maintenance of protein homeostasis could postpone age-related disease. Aging Cell, 11(2), 187-191. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00789.x Gray, S. (2004). The nervous system. Chanhassen, Minn.: Child's World. Rogers, K. (2012). The endocrine system. New York: Britannica Educational Pub. in association with Rosen Educational Services. Tarkka, I. (1986). Short and long latency reflexes in human muscles following electrical and mechanical stimulation. Oxford: Published for the Scandinavian Physiological Society by Blackwell Scientific Publications. Wicker, P. (2002). Perioperative Practice: Fundamentals of Homeostasis Perioperative Practice: Fundamentals of Homeostasis. Nursing Standard, 17(7), 28-28. https://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2002.10.17.7.28.b74

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An Am Essay Example For Students

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An Am Essay erican Slave Douglass felt that Christianity was used by slaveholders to justify the cruelty of their actions and to somehow purify them against the evilness of their hearts. He felt that being the slave of a Christian slaveholder was as bad as slavery itself. Were I to be again reduced to the chains of slavery, next to that enslavement, I should regard being the slave of a religious master the greatest calamity that could befall me. (p. 731) Douglas points out in his appendix that the Christianity of Christ and Christianity of this land are at opposite points on the spectrum of good and evil. Fredrick Douglass grows from a slave boy to a freed man throughout Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave and he uses this transition and identity to provide an outlet to which the reader can identify. Douglass first produces this with the absence of dates. Slaves were kept ignorant as to the facts of the real world, sometimes not even knowing the year of their birth, preventing the knowledge of a captives true age. A birthday is something with which people can identify, as they are a celebrated part of our culture, especially to youth. Douglass here identifies himself as a human being almost lacking what we may consider a normal childhood simply through the use of dates. These are very important to our culture, counting down the days until your birthday, until Christmas. We identify ourselves by the dates which surround the events of our lives. Part of our identity is formed from dates and this was a privilege he was denied. He is, however, eventually provided a window of opportunity in many to not only learn dates, but gain a general feel for knowledge as well. When the open door of learning that his mistress provided was permanently closed, he says, it was a new and special revelation, explaining dark and mysterious things, with which my youthful understanding had struggled, but struggled in vain. I now understood what had been to me a most perplexing difficulty-to wit, the white mans power to enslave the black man. It was a grand achievement and I prized it highly. From that moment I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom (Douglass 78). Douglass was learning and he didnt want to give it up. The reader is able to see how much he valued knowledge and his ironclad will to keep that door open. In doing this, Douglass identifies himself as a growing child, forced down by circumstances beyond his control. He is growing, he is learning, he is maturing, and like a small child who asks question after question, he will not rest until his thirst for knowledge is quelled. As he gains more and more knowledge, his hunger and curiosity grow, and as he is satisfied in this aspect, his hunger for freedom matures. This becomes prevalent in his actions; as one of his Masters, Captain Auld put it, city life had almost ruined me for every good purpose and fitted me for everything which was bad (Douglass 99). His experience caused him to grow as a person and individual. An old clich states that knowledge is power; Douglass had learned this first hand and was growing into a person with the courage to fight back and eventually claim his freedom. Throughout the book, Douglass presents himself as a person, forced to overcome incredible barriers to achieve that which many of us take for granted through the stories he tells. He first ensures that the reader can identify with him before going into the innate details of a particular tale, thus ensuring whatever emotion he is trying to evoke. It was also imperative that Douglass demonstrate his growth as a human being so that we would see him as just that, a person, not some animal to be easily dismissed. .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .postImageUrl , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:hover , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:visited , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:active { border:0!important; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:active , .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u353d8a8d8d9e2c10d48af457742f602d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Web DuBois Argumentative EssayBecause Douglass was so well spoken, and his autobiography so well written, the doubt surfaced in the mind of some audience members as to whether or not he had written the narrative or more to the extreme, whether or not he had actually been a slave. Thus, his credibility was called into question. Douglass effectively .